This paper seeks to provide a deconstructive account of a familiar term in Iranian terminology, i. e. “ ghereshmari” (non-recognition), in order to demonstrate that in the absence of a phenomenological revelation and subsequent emphasis on the implications of this concept in our current historical situation, surrendering to the Eurocentric notion of universalism seems inevitable. By appropriating Derrida’ s enigmatic notion of “ to come” in a wholly different context, this paper argues that nonrecognition is maintained by a logic of auto-immunization: similar to the selfdestructive process in which a body’ s immune system reacts against its own cells, nonrecognition, which is always threatened by its own internal logic, contains its own resources by which it can defend itself in the face of its peril and thereby maintain its status as that which is “ to come. ” My appropriation of the term “ to come, ” which succumbs neither to non-recognition nor to the claims of universalization from above, can be called “ universalization from below. ”

CSs have been theoretically predicted and recently experimentally demonstrated in broad area, vertical cavity driven semiconductor lasers (VCSELs) slightly below the lasing threshold. Above threshold, the simple adiabatic elimination of the polarization variable is not correct, leading to oscillatory instabilities with a spuriously high critical wave-number. To achieve real insight on the complete dynamical problem, we study here the complete system of equations and find regimes where a Hopf instability, typical of lasers above threshold, affects the lower intensity branch of the homogeneous steady state, while the higher intensity branch is unstable due to a Turing instability. Numerical results obtained by direct integration of the dynamical equations show that writable/erasable CSs are possible in this regimes, sitting on unstable background.

Can Herder's philosophy of culture be a model for what is now called intercultural philosophy? Following the list of the components of intercultural philosophy from the standpoint of Ram and the Wimer in one case, Herder' s thoughts about the plurality of cultures and critique of the Enlightenment ' s Euro centrism read out, with respect to those components, to answer this question,. By this to read out, Herder's hidden ideas in this contemporary issue, or in other words, a model for it, appears. While in the Enlightenment, the rest of the cultures were immature and humiliated, for more than two centuries, Herder, with the idea of cultural diversity, provided the basis for intercultural thought in his philosophy of culture. And with critique of Enlightenment's Euro centrism, he resolved the biggest obstacle for it. Herder's precise boundary is between Rejection of radical relativism and skepticism, and promising cultural pluralism. The ultimate causes of history or affairs, in his own words, are good and perpetual, such as humanity, Happiness, Development and providence are his facilities against radical relativism. As a result of these matters as well as on the effect of cultural openings over each other, and other common issues, Herder provided important areas and mediums for polylog and coexistence of civilizations and cultures.

Various chromosphere and transition region jet-like structures abound playing an essential role in the dynamics and evolution therein. Tentatively identifying the wave characteristics and oscillatory behavior in the outer solar atmosphere helps to understand this layer better. In addition to the whip-like behavior, null-point motions in the reconnection site can excite transversal oscillation along the magnetical dense Jets, which is called the kink mode wave, and also this mode can evolve into Alfven wave after its propagation into the more homogeneous medium. The study of X-ray jets is an important topic in understanding the heating of the solar corona and the origin of the fast wind. The recently launched Hinode mission permitted us to observe the excellent proxies of these jets with an unprecedented high spatial resolution of 120 km on the Sun. We selected a high cadence sequence of SOT (Hinode) observations taken with both the HCaII and the Halpha filter to look at the details of the dynamics revealed by a significant jet event. Both wavelet and amplitude spectra analysis were used to analyze the observed kink wave and the time variations of intensities during the event. The results are discussed in the frame of different models implying reconnections with the inference of the dynamical phenomena occurring near several null points, including the oscillatory behavior.

The condition of construction on graves, which has been referred to in jurisprudence in various terms, has been the subject of different jurisprudential opinions. The majority of Shīʿa and Sunnī scholars deem it disliked (Makrūh) for graves other than those of the prophets, the Imām (peace be upon them), and the highly regarded members of the society. However, the authors of this study, while accepting the aforementioned exceptions, believe that the evidence surrounding the issue (including the majority opinion) is not without flaws. In this context, it is certain that no Shīʿa scholar has issued a fatwa declaring the absolute prohibition of construction on graves. The attribution of such a stance to Shahīd Thānī is incorrect, unless there are inappropriate consequences regarding the burial site or the tools and methods of construction, in which case it may become unlawful (Ḥarām) depending on the circumstances. In addition, the contemporary common practice among Muslims and non-Muslims of placing a gravestone and engraving the name of image of the deceased is certainly intended to honor name and memory of the deceased, to safeguard the body from grave robbers and animals, and to prevent the deterioration and disappearance of the graves, and not intended for any other purpose. Therefore, even if the issue does not fall under the category of compulsion or necessity, there is no objection to it, as the practice has been common among the pious from the advent of Islam to the present time, and neither the Imāms nor some companions of the Prophet have opposed it.

This paper discuss moral judgment of lying from Kant’, s point of view. According to Kant, Lying is a great vice and the key of all evils. He define lying as “, to tell something which is not in your heart”, . Most of the people think that lying is wrong due to its harms to others, but Kant says that lying is wrong even if it does have any harm to others and has been told by good intention. He knows lying wrong because of destroying human worth. He counts not telling the lie as a perfect human duty to others and to oneself. The main question of this research is this: is lying prohibited absolutely from Kant’, s view or he permits some kind of lies? The result of this research shows Kant has different views on lying in his different works. He permits some kind of lies in his former works like Lectures on Ethics and says that lying and deception is permitted in defense of oneself. But, in his later works like Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and “, On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives”, , Kant makes lying absolutely prohibited.

In accordance with development of new technologies in wood processing, effect of relative humidity on EMC of wood in high temperatures (above boiling of water) has got attention of wood scientists in recent years. In this research, addition to study the required theoretical aspects, mathematical equation for describing psychometric relation of wood in dry bulb range of 93 to 260 C and wet bulb of 38 to 99 C was gathered, developed and investigated. To do this, subjects related to measurement of dry and wet bulb temperatures, saturation adiabatic temperatures, dew point, relative humidity, steam content and anthalpy of moist air was studied and presented. Finally, relative humidity and EMC of wood related to dry and wet bulb temperatures in above mentioned range was presented. According to good agreement of estimated values with experimental results of other researches, it seems that it is possible to use the outcomes of this research as a basis for further studies.

The effects of above and below-ground competition between Chenopodium album and sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris) on growth, yield and quality of two sugar beet cultivars of morphologically contrasting growth habit have been investigated A factorial experiment (2 x 4) under glass-house conditions in a randomised complete block design with three replications was done. . C. albumcand two sugar beet cultivars "Amethyst" and "Celt", were subjected to one of four competition regimes as follows: two below-ground competition treatments (±root competition); two above-ground competition treatments (±shoot competition). Two seedlings of sugar beet and four of C. album were transplanted at cotyledon stage in plastic pots (44 cm diameter and 35 cm deep). Plants were harvested 8 (12 leaf stage) and 16 (22 leaf stage) weeks after transplanting (WAT). At each harvest, leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, leaf area and shoot and root dry matter of sugar beet and C. album were determined. The results demonstrated that there were major differences between growth and yield of the two sugar beet cultivars which were influenced by both above and below-ground competition with C. album. No interactions were observed between beet cultivar and the competition regime, but shoot and root competition inter-acted negatively 8 and 16 WAT. Both sugar beet shoot and root yield were reduced by shoot and root competition with C. album 8 and 16 WAT. However, beet sugar content was unaffected by weed competition regimes. Root competition with C. album caused greater reduction of shoot and root yield of sugar beet than shoot competition 16 WAT. However, there was no significant difference between shoot and root competition 8 WAT. Yield loss of sugar beet subject to shoot and root competition with C. album was 47 and 82% respectively. Thus, under these conditions, the effect of C .album competition for above-ground resources was less than that for belowground resources during a period up to 16 WAT.